Modern data about features of adrenoreceptors (AR) and adrenoblockers (AB) classification, adrenomimetic drugs (agonists) and the AB action mechanism, implementation of the physiological effects of adrenergic structures are represented in this article. It is generally accepted that the implementation of adaptive adrenergic effects is associated with the state and functional characteristic of adrenoreactive structures dominant population. They are able to modify certain physiological and biochemical processes through the appropriate second messenger system. Considering this, an important problem of modern physiology and medicine is to establish the implementation mechanism and characteristics of the physiological effects of AB in various organs and systems. That is why it is important to clarify the possibilities for optimizing or stimulation of compensatory physiological processes by modulating the adrenergic effects.

Modern classification of AR is based on the features of their sensitivity to the pharmacological agents – agonists and blockers, and also depends on the location, physical and biological properties of adrenergic structures. Consequently there are distinguished – α1- and α2- and ß1-, ß2, ß3-AR, also pre-, post- and extra-synaptic adrenergic receptors. The attention is focused on the fact, that understanding of signal pathways implementation effects of biologically active substances or mechanisms of signal transduction gives a holistic view on the appropriate phased effects of adrenergic hormone-receptive interaction. Typically, such combination is formed with the involvement of proteins that bind guanine nucleotides – connecting G-proteins, which identifies the name of the receptors – GPCR-receptors.

It became apparent that the transmission of neural information in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be carried out without adrenergic or cholinergic reactions, in addition, a lot of synapses use much more than one neurotransmitter. This co-transmission, as it is known now, is common in ANS.

The authors presented the results of their research on protective modulative effects of AB in the post hypoxia adaptation of various organs and systems. In particular, it was found that prior to the introduction of hypoxia action administration of α-AB – doxazosin accompanies optimization of structural and functional alterations in small intestine mucous membrane tissue mitochondria. At the same time, unselective ß-AB – propranolol application under similar conditions, significantly, improves both mitochondria structural and functional indicators of liver tissue. Judging by changes in heart rate variability applying propranolol improves course of adaptive reactions in these conditions at the level of the whole organism.

The authors own observations and literature review suggest that modern understanding of adrenergic system regulatory effects implementation must provide, in addition to generally accepted traditional mechanisms, the involvement of non-traditional signaling chains, co-mediator system. It generally can significantly extend the adaptive organism capabilities and affect the quality stress reaction remodulation. Considering these characteristics providing rational approach to the administration of agonists and AB, will improve the efficiency of medical tactics, reduce the risk of manifestation of side effects. However, the use of these drugs may be appropriate model for a deep studying the mechanisms of nonspecific adaptation syndrome by various extreme effects.

Article Received 11.08.2016

Keywords: adrenoreceptors, adrenoblockers, hypoxia, adaptation, signal pathways

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