In the article a contemporary vision of perspectives of using different micro ribonucleic acids (microRNAs, miRs) in the field of oncourology it has been presented.

MicroRNAs, the small non-coding ribonucleic acids are important regulators in numerous cellular processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Their molecules consist of approximately 20-25 nucleotides in length with 22 nucleotides on the average and are presented in plants, animals, and some viruses cells. Direct functions of RNA related to post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and proteins synthesis as a consequence.

The undesirable function of microRNAs could be supressed by use of articfically created oligonucleotides known as аnti-miRNA оligonucleotides (AМOs). In contrast to many cancers the specific marker of kidney cancer is not identified yet. According to results the specificity of miR-508-3p in the diagnosing of kidney cancer is 91 % and sensitivity is 84 %.

In kidney cancer tissues or distant metastases miR-21 expression was significantly upregulated compared to normal and non-metastatic specimens (р < 0,05). In contrast, PDCD4 (programmed cell death4) protein expression significantly decreased (р < 0,05), whereas PDCD4 mRNA expression remained unaltered (р > 0,05). It looks that miR-21 not only promoted cancer cell hyperplasia and contributed to tumor cell transformation and metastasis, but also post-transcriptionally downregulated PDCD4 protein expression. PDCD4 and miR-21 expression levels potentially play an important role in renal cell cancer. Thus, PDCD4 and miR-21 expression levels potentially play an important role in renal cell cancer.

MiR-34a targets CD44 in renal cancer cells and suppresses renal cancer cell growth, tube formation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Thus, miR-34a may be a potential molecular target for novel therapeutic strategies for clear cell renal carcinoma. The same micro-RNA inhibits prostate cancer stem cells and metastasis. This effect is made through direct depression of CD44, the adhesion molecule that could be considered as oncogen. It looks that miR-34a is a key negative regulator of CD44(+) prostate cancer cells and establishes a strong rationale for developing miR-34a as a novel therapeutic agent against prostate cancer.

Recent publications show that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test never should have been approved for prostate cancer (PCa) screening, because the data are inadequate to demonstrate whether it was truly helping people with a high false-positive rate. MiR-648 recently was identified as a novel candidate PCa miRNA biomarker. MiR-548c-3p and miR-221 were revealed as functional biomarkers for prostate cancer progression with their evaluation in a larger patient cohort that should yield information on clinical usefulness. By direct targeting of CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase-4, which has been implicated as a regulator of cell cycle, miR-124 can arrest cell cycle and able to retard a bladder cancer growth. MicroRNA-137 upregulation increases bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion by targeting the tumor suppressor gene PAQR3, so miR- 137 could be a potential oncogene in bladder cancer. Proba bly, its suppression by AМOs could be a future strategy in elected patients.

Thus, if miR function leads to cancer cells arrest, these oligonucleotide’s prescription could probably prevent disease progression. Also, obviously that in case of tumour promotion by miR it could be downregulated by adding to tissue the аnti-miRNA оligonucleotides thereby stopping cancer development. A novel cancer miRNA biomarker prediction framework could be designed and applied to urological cancer studies in future.

Keywords: microRNAs, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, marker

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