Morphological characteristics of human skin and experimental animals under conditions of physiological norm and under the influence of exogenous and endogeneous pathogens are important problems for both morphologists and clinicians. The analysis of the scientific literature on the morphological characteristics of human and experimental animals’ skin under normal and pathological conditions is presented in this article.

Current understanding of immune reactions in the skin and date about presence of various Toll-like receptors in keratinocytes of different epidermis layers is presented.

The ultrastructure of microvasculature of skin under experimental diabetes and pathophysiological mechanisms of reduction of the capillaries resistance under microcirculatory disorders are described in this article. The authors analyze the possibility of biophysical techniques in complex assessment of the microvasculature in clinical practice. Capillary resistometry, digital capillaroscopy, and laser Doppler fluorometry can detect microcirculatory disorders caused by impaired blood rheology, endothelial function and arteriolar tone in patients with diffuse liver disease. The authors aver that genetic and hormonal differences cannot affect the structure and function of the skin. Estrogens inhibit the secretory activity of the sebaceous glands, but do not affect apocrine glands, increase the hyaluronic acid level in the dermis, increase the water content, stimulate epidermal melanogenesis. It was shown that skin is a target organ for sex hormones.

Many contemporary scientific works devoted to the new methods of skin research.

Modification of the simple and highly sensitive fluorometric method for determination of keratin was created, which allows defining extract keratin level in the extract of stratum corneum of the epidermis. The authors think that research of the keratin structure is important because keratin is the main protein of the epidermis, which provides the barrier function of the skin, protecting against external influences. Changing in physical and chemical properties of keratin can lead to significant disturbances of protective properties of the epidermis, especially in pathological conditions, such as diabetes or psoriasis. Also, direct immunofluorescence method for the study of paraffin sections of skin was modified. The authors think that in the scientific literature there are only a few works concerning the peculiarities of structure and blood supply of the skin of experimental animals in normal condition.

In the scientific literature there is a large number of experimental and clinical works aimed at studying of the skin layers under the influence of various factors in the experiment and clinic. This article presents data on the relationship between different types of hypovitaminosis and skin diseases. The use of drugs often causes dermatologic side effects. Most dermatologic side effects have relatively safe manifestations such as rash, which quickly disappeared after discontinuation of drug that caused a reaction. Many aspects of this problem are controversial and require a soon solution by means of experimental and clinical studies.

Ключові слова: skin, morphology, exogenous pathogen, endogenous pathogen

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